GUÍA DE EXAMEN INGLES 2° SECUNDARIA

COLEGIO BILINGÜE NOBELY

INSTRUIR POR LA PALABRA, EDUCAR POR EL TESTIMONIO

SECUNDARIA C.C.T. 13PESO137L

EXAMEN PARCIAL FEBRERO

CICLO ESCOLAR 2015-2016

TEACHER´S NAME: HECTOR HERRERA BASTIDA, SECOND GRADE

Guia de examen

Adjective clause

An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:

· First, it will contain a subject and verb.

· Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who,whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

· Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:

Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject +Verb

Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb

Here are some examples:

Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie

Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject;pleaded = verb.

Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie

Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

That bounced across the kitchen floor

That = relative pronoun functioning as subject;bounced = verb.

Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward

Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject;hiccupped = verb.

Avoid writing a sentence fragment.

An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. To avoid writing afragment, you must connect each adjective clause to amain clause.

Read the examples below. Notice that the adjective clausefollows the word that it describes.

Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.

Chewing with her mouth open is one reason why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie.

Snarling and skidding on the smooth tile, Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg that bounced across the kitchen floor.

Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.

Exercises

http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_5_adjective_clauses_ANSWERS.html

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htm

APPOSITIVES

Recognize an appositive when you see one.

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these appositive examples, all of which rename insect:

The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.

The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the kitchen table.

Here are more examples:

During the dinner conversation, Clifford,the messiest eater at the table, spewed mashed potatoes like an erupting volcano.

My 486 computer, a modern-day dinosaur, chews floppy disks as noisily as my brother does peanut brittle.

Genette's bedroom desk, the biggest disaster area in the house, is a collection of overdue library books, dirty plates, computer components, old mail, cat hair, and empty potato chip bags.

Reliable, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living room carpeting as if he were still a puppy.

Punctuate the appositive correctly.

The important point to remember is that a nonessential appositive is always separated from the rest of the sentence with comma(s).

When the appositive begins the sentence, it looks like this:

A hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

When the appositive interrupts the sentence, it looks like this:

Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player,charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

And when the appositive ends the sentence, it looks like this:

Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

EXERCISES

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/exercises/2/4/11

https://depts.dyc.edu/learningcenter/owl/exercises/comma_placement_ex5.htm

Adverbs are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, verbs and adjectives. We use adverbs to add more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a clause or a whole sentence and, less commonly, about a noun phrase.

Can you move it carefully? It’s fragile.

Quickly! We’re late.

She swims really well.

Don’t go so fast.

You have to turn it clockwise.

Come over here.

Actually, I don’t know her.

I haven’t seen them recently.

The bathroom’s upstairs on the left.

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words. They can identify or quantify another person or thing in the sentence. Adjectives are usually positioned before the noun or the pronoun that they modify.
In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

1. They live in a beautiful house.

2. Lisa is wearing a sleeveless shirt today.

PAST CONTINOUS

was/were + present participle]

Examples:

You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

I was watching TV when she called.
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I started eating at 6 PM.
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
Were you listening while he was talking?
I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
What were you doing while you were waiting?
Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

EXCERCISES

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-progressive/exercises

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-past-progressive.php

A simple sentence is a sentence that had one subject part and one predicate part.

A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more simple sentences joined by and, or, or but.

A compound subject has two or more simple subjects that have the same predicate. The subjects are joined by and.

A compound predicate is a predicate that has two or more verbs with the same subject. The verbs are connected by and or or.

In a compound sentence, use a comma before and, or, or but when they join simple sentences.

In a series of three or more nouns or verbs, use commas to separate them.

A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought.

Examples of simple sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train.

2. "Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb

3. The train was late.

4. "The train" = subject, "was" = verb

5. Mary and Samantha took the bus.

6. "Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "took" = verb

7. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.

8. "I" = subject, "looked" = verb

9. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station early but waited until noon for the bus.
"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "arrived" and "waited" = compound verb

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS":

§ For

§ And

§ Nor

§ But

§ Or

§ Yet

§ So

Examples of compound sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.

2. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived.

3. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus before I arrived.

4. Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station.

EXCERCISES

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073511994/student_view0/brush_up/part_i-grammar2/grammar_exercise_04.html

https://www.quia.com/quiz/2922118.html

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

§ the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

§ the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

§ the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

EXERCISES

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/passiv.htm

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?05

Embedded question

An embedded question is contained within a statement or a question. The important thing here is word order:

1. I don't know where the library is.

2. Do you know where the library is?

compare to:

3. Where is the library?

The first two examples contain an embedded question. The word order for an embedded qustion is subject and then verb.

The third example (Where is the library?) is just a regular question in which the word order is verb and then subject. In this lesson, you will learn how to make questions and statements that have questions within them. This lesson is similar to Lesson Six in the Orange Level.

Embedded questions are often used in conversation:

Question	Embedded Question
What does an avocado taste like?	I don't know what an avocado tastes like. Do you know what it tastes like?
Where did you buy this cake?	I can't remember where I bought the cake.
Where did they move to?	I have no idea where they moved to. Does anyone know where they moved to?
Why do leaves change color in the fall.	I don't know why leaves change colors. Is there a website that can explain why leaves change color in the fall?